Sustainable and Precision Agriculture with the Internet of Everything (IoE)

The accelerated pace of global population growth underscores the crucial role of the agricultural sector in mitigating food scarcity, as well as in supporting livelihoods through employment opportunities and bolstering national economies. This sector faces several critical challenges, including resource depletion, socioeconomic issues, gaps in technology and innovation, and the impact of climate change. The introduction of mechanization has significantly transformed agriculture by enhancing sustainability and increasing the productivity of crops. Recently, traditional farming methods have been supplemented with advanced technologies steering the industry towards precision agriculture. The convergence of these advanced technologies has facilitated the automation of various tasks such as water management, crop monitoring, disease management, and harvesting. The concept of Internet of Everything (IoE) has gained traction due to its holistic approach towards integrating various IoT specializations, called IoXs where X referring to a specific domain. This includes areas like the Internet of Sensors (IoS), Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Internet of Energy (IoEn), Internet of Space Things (IoST), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Internet of Drones (IoD). This paper explores the potential of the Internet of Everything (IoE) in revolutionizing agricultural systems. The focus is on assessing the impact of cutting-edge and novel technologies, such as 6G, molecular communication (MC), Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), Internet of Fungus, and designer phages, in significantly improving agricultural yield, efficiency, and productivity. Additionally, the potential of these technologies is evaluated in terms of their applicability, associated challenges, and future research directions within the realm of precision agriculture.